Matrimony

Church Documents on Marriage and Family

• De Bono Conjugali
  Treatise of St. Augustine, On the Good of Marriage - c. 4th century
• Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae
  Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII, On Christian Marriage - February 10, 1880
• Casti Connubii
  Encyclical of Pope Pius XI , On Christian Marriage - December 31, 1930
• Humanae Vitae
  Encyclical of Pope Paul VI, On the Regulation of Birth - July 25, 1968
• Familiaris Consortio
  Apostolic Exhortation of Pope John Paul II, On the Role of the Christian Family in the Modern World - November 22, 1981

Theology

In his letter to the Ephesians, Paul reminded his flock that the love of husband and wife was a mystery, a sacramentum (Eph 5:32).

In the love of a man and woman, united in marriage, we see most clearly reflected the indissoluble bond and fruitful love of the Bridegroom and His Church. Like Christ, man and woman help each other to attain holiness, teach their children to know and serve God, and give witness to the love of the Father among the people of God.

Man and woman minister this sacrament to one another. In the marriage rite, they exchange vows or "consent" to give love freely to one another. They promise to be true to each other "in good times and in bad, in sickness and in health … " until death parts them. How perfectly this mirrors the love of God - unconditional, faithful, steadfast, sacrificial, compassionate. God is love (1 John 4: 8) and wants us to share that love with one another.

Matrimony is a "sacrament of vocation." Too often, we only associate that word with Holy Orders or with religious life - one receives a "calling" to be a priest, deacon, or vowed religious. But most profoundly, those of us who have chosen marriage also experience a "call." God wants us to participate in His divine plan and to work for the building of the kingdom.

In welcoming children into our lives, we share in God's work of creation. In every home, we are the first teachers of those children - the Good News is preached at the kitchen table; God is praised at bedtime prayers; and an understanding of God is perhaps best promoted in quiet conversations in the living room. Most of all, in our generous gift of self to each other, our children and our society witness an incarnation of the selfless love of Christ for humankind.

In the midst of driving to soccer practice, balancing the budget, and eating meals on the run, perhaps it is good to be reminded now and then, that marriage is not just based on two people, but is part of a greater whole. Through the Church, each "domestic church" is supported by the grace of Christ - He strengthens our unity, perfects our love, and is always present "in good times and in bad."

Nuptial Blessing

Father,
by your power you have made everything out of nothing. In the beginning you created the universe and made mankind in your own likeness. You gave man the constant help of woman so that man and woman should be no longer two, but one flesh, and you teach us that what you have united may never be divided.

Timeline: a look back at marriage

Old Testament

Moses permits divorce due to the Israelites' "hardness of hearts."

Arranged marriages, polygamy until 10 BC when Kingdom of Israel splits.

Adultery forbidden because it violated the property rights of the father or husband

Song of Songs (Solomon) - a love poem between two lovers as allegory to the faithful love of God

Perfect relationship is one man and one woman in love Tobit 3-8

A spouse calls the other back to covenant Hosea 1-3

New Testament

Paul sees love of husband and wife as image of Christ and His Church Ephesians 5: 32

Jesus gives a radical position on divorce Mt 5: 31-32; Mt. 19: 3-9

A wife can win her husband over to the Gospel by her conduct 1 Peter 3: 1-7

Patristic Period

Christians marry according to their culture - divorce not entirely prohibited

110 Ignatius of Antioch - must get permission from one's bishop to marry

Augustine sees marriage as "sacrament" like baptism - only once and permanent

6th-12th centuries

529 Code of Justinian advocated permanent marriage, but law allows for dissolution

Priest or bishop begins to bless the marriage as a family honor

Marriages moved from home to church

To avoid polygamy, priests were to see if couples were free to marry

1,000 marriages in Europe become jurisdiction of the Church

Priests eventually offered nuptial blessings/Masses

1140 John Gratian "Decretum Gratianum" - consent made the marriage, but it could be dissolved if not consummated

Pope Alexander III (1166-1181) consent is true marriage requirement

Pauline privilege no divorces except a non-Christian marriage could be dissolved if one spouse wants to become Catholic

13th-15th centuries

Marriage gradually becomes recognized as a sacrament
Matter: reality of living the institution.
Form: spoken consent of the spouses.

Hugh of St. Victor (1090-1141) consent more important than consummation, e.g., Mary and Joseph

Duns Scotus (1266-1308) - couple were ministers of the sacrament; not the priest

1439 Council of Florence - decrees that marriage is a sacrament, divorce is prohibited

16th-20th centuries

Council of Trent (1545-1563) affirmed marriage as a sacrament, defined marriage as a contract between two people for the purpose of creating and educating children

Luther maintained that marriage is a natural institution, so civil law is more important than Church law

Calvin argued that Scripture passages allow two grounds for divorce - adultery and desertion

Even after Henry VIII split with Rome over issue of divorce (1588), Anglican Church prohibited divorce until mid-19th century

1852 Pius IX union between Christians is a sacrament and an indissoluble contract; civil marriage is concubinage, not a sacrament

1880 Leo XIII reaffirms marriage as contract

Vatican II - better theology, new rite (new vows)

Gaudium et Spes (#48) God is the author of marriage and has endowed it with various purposes. Marriage as covenant, not a contract. Marriage as sign of mystery of Christ in the world, an ongoing sign of God's presence.

Edward Schillebeeckx we can feel divine love through human love

Karl Rahner - marriage is an incarnation of divine love

1969 Rite of Marriage revised (further revisions 1991)

1982 Pope John Paul II writes On the Family

1994 Pope John Paul II writes a Letter to Families during the Year of the Family

 

Popular Wedding Customs

Unity Candle
Not part of the Catholic Rite of Marriage, but has gained popularity in the past two decades. One large candle is flanked by two smaller candles, ideally the candles the bride and groom each received at their baptism. They use the flames from the separate candles to light the middle candle, symbolizing their new unity.

Veil
The veil actually symbolizes a wife's submission to her husband. It has its origins in ancient times when the bride stood beneath a canopy or in a tent to greet her husband, often a man she had not met.

Throwing rice (el arroz)
or now birdseed at a couple was a gesture of wishing them abundance of wealth and fertility.

Toasting
In an ancient French custom, the guest would place a piece of toast in the bottom of a glass and drained the drink quickly to get to the "toast", According to legend, whoever drank their drink first - the bride or the groom - ruled the family. Clinking the glass together for a toast comes from rather sinister origins. In an age when it became common to poison royalty or other leaders, as a proof of loyalty, guests would clink glasses together and pour a little bit of wine into each other's glass. Surely the guest would not poison himself.

El Lazo
A double-looped cord or rosary is placed over the shoulders of both the bride and groom as a sign of their unity.